Vocabulary

vocab
 * Empiricism- [|philosophy], empiricism is a theory of [|knowledge] which asserts that knowledge arises from [|experience]
 * Structuralism-**Structuralism** is an approach to the human sciences that attempts to analyze a specific field (for instance, mythology) as a complex system of interrelated parts.
 * Functionalism-**Functionalism** is a memory of a philosophical basis for much empirical research in [|psychology] and [|cognitive science], which says that “[|mental] states are constituted by their casual relations to one another and to [|sensory] inputs and [|behavioral] outputs”
 * Psychology-**Psychology** is an [|academic] and [|applied] discipline involving the [|scientific] study of [|mental functions] and [|behavior].
 * Nature-nurture issue-The **nature versus nurture** debates concern the relative importance of an individual's innate qualities versus personal experiences in [|determining] or [|causing] individual differences in [|physical] and [|behavioral] traits.
 * Natural selection-**Natural selection** is the process by which favorable [|heritable] [|traits] become more common in successive [|generations] of a [|population] of [|reproducing] [|organisms], and unfavorable heritable traits become less common, due to differential reproduction of [|genotypes].
 * Basic research-**Basic research**, **fundamental research** (sometimes **pure research**), is [|research] carried out to increase understanding of fundamental principles.
 * Applied research-**Applied research**: is [|research] accessing and using some part of the research communities' (the [|academy]'s) accumulated theories, knowledge, methods, and techniques, for a specific, often [|state], [|commercial], or [|client] driven purpose.
 * Clinical psychology-**Clinical psychology** includes the scientific study and application of [|psychology] for the purpose of understanding, preventing, and relieving psychologically-based distress or [|dysfunction] and to promote subjective [|well-being] and personal development.[|[]
 * Psychiatry-**Psychiatry** is a [|medical] [|specialty] devoted to the [|treatment], [|study] and [|prevention] of [|mental disorder].
 * Hindsight bias-is the inclination to see events that have occurred as more [|predictable] than they in fact were before they took place.
 * Critical thinking- is purposeful and reflective judgment about what to believe or do in response to [|observations], [|experience], [|verbal] or [|written] expressions, or [|arguments].
 * Theory- is a unifying principle that explains a body of facts and the laws based on them.
 * Hypothesis-An educated guess
 * Operational definition-is a demonstration of a process
 * Case study-is one of several ways of doing [|research] whether it be [|social science] related or even [|socially] related
 * Survey-are used to collect quantitative information about items in a population.
 * False consensus effect- is the tendency for people to project their way of thinking onto other people.
 * Population-a collection of human beings with similar characteristic
 * Random sample-is one chosen by a method involving an unpredictable component.
 * Naturalistic observation- is a method of observation, that involves observing subjects in their natural habitats
 * Correlation coefficient-indicates the strength and direction of a //linear// relationship between two [|random variables].
 * Scatterplot-is a type of [|display] using [|Cartesian coordinates] to display values for two [|variables] for a set of data.
 * Illusory correlation- Illusory correlation is the phenomenon of seeing the relationship one expects in a set of data even when no such relationship exists.
 * Scatterplot-is a type of [|display] using [|Cartesian coordinates] to display values for two [|variables] for a set of data.
 * Illusory correlation- Illusory correlation is the phenomenon of seeing the relationship one expects in a set of data even when no such relationship exists.


 * Experiment-a method of investigating causal relationships among variables.
 * Double-blind procedure-used to prevent research outcomes from being influenced by either the [|placebo effect] or the [|observer bias].
 * Placebo effect-is a phenomenon in which a physiologically inert treatment, or placebo, improves a patient's condition relative to similar patients who receive no treatment
 * Experimental condition-
 * Control condition-
 * Random assignment-parcipitants are assigned to a group by chance
 * Independent variable-the one that is being changed for study
 * Dependent variable-is not being changing for study


 * Mode- most commonly occuring number
 * Mean- average
 * Median-middle number in a set of data
 * Range-from the lowest # of data to the top
 * Standard deviation- how much scores vary around the median
 * Statistical significance- signafacance of statistics
 * Culture- a group of people from a region
 * Bias-a water dru m
 * Ethics- ethnic beliefs